Creation of a summary for a plurality of texts

ABSTRACT

Creating a summary of a plurality of texts includes tokenizing each of a plurality of texts to obtain tokens; generating a vector space using a first set of vectors having one or more obtained feature scores equal to or larger than a predefined value; executing non-hierarchical clustering using the vector space to generate a first plurality of clusters; choosing a first representative text in each of the plurality of clusters; generating a second set of vectors from each of the arrays generated based on a number of characters included in tokens of the representative texts; executing hierarchical clustering using the second set of vectors to generate a second plurality of clusters; and in response to a determining a number of clusters included in the second plurality of clusters, determining a second representative text for each of the clusters included in the second plurality of clusters.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to a summary creation for texts and morespecifically, to a technique for summarizing a plurality of texts, usinga hybrid clustering method.

Huge numbers of texts, such as log messages, are collected in servers.With log messages, a summary of the log messages is generated so that anerror message is sent to an administrator in a predefined time intervaland not overlooked.

SUMMARY

According to one aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, theembodiment of the present invention provides a computer-implementedmethod for summarizing a plurality of texts. The method comprises thefollowings: tokenizing each of a plurality of texts to obtain tokens;performing a feature analysis on each of the tokens to obtain featurescores; generating a first set of vectors, each vector in the first setof vectors having one or more obtained feature scores equal to or largerthan a predefined value; generating a vector space using the first setof vectors; executing non-hierarchical clustering using the vector spaceto generate a first plurality of clusters; choosing a firstrepresentative text in each of the plurality of clusters; counting anumber of characters in each token in each of the first representativetexts to generate arrays of the number of the characters; generating asecond set of vectors from each of the arrays; executing hierarchicalclustering using the second set of vectors to generate a secondplurality of clusters; and in response to a determining a number ofclusters included in the second plurality of clusters, determining asecond representative text for each of the clusters included in thesecond plurality of clusters.

According to another aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, asystem, such as a computer system, comprising a computer readablestorage medium storing program instructions executable by the computersystem to perform one or more methods described herein also may beprovided.

According to another aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, acomputer program product comprising a computer readable storage mediumhaving program instructions executable by at least one processor tocause the at least one processor to perform one or more methodsdescribed herein also may be provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosure will provide details in the following description ofpreferred embodiments with reference to the following figures.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplified basic block diagram of a computerhardware used in an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 2A to 2D illustrate a flowchart of a process for summarizing aplurality of texts, according to an example embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 3A illustrates a method of tokenizing a text to obtain tokens,according to an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3B illustrates a method of counting the number of characters ineach token and then generating a vector from each of the arrays,according to an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a method of setting or changing a threshold of adistance between the clusters or of the number of clusters, according toan example embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 5A to 5E illustrate a method of displaying a tree diagram, thenumber of clusters, and a representative text for each of the clusters,according to an example embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates an overall functional block diagram of a hardwaresystem that is used in accordance with the embodiment of the overallflowchart described in FIGS. 2A to 2D, according to an exampleembodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present inventionhave been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intendedto be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Manymodifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skillin the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the describedembodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain theprinciples of the embodiments, the practical application or technicalimprovement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enableothers of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodimentsdisclosed herein.

To more clearly define the terms used herein, exemplified definitionsare provided hereinafter, but the meaning of the terms should beinterpreted broadly as known to the technical field to which the presentinvention relates.

With reference now to FIG. 1, an exemplified basic block diagram of acomputer hardware used in an embodiment of the present invention isillustrated.

A computer (101) may be, for example, but is not limited to, a desktop,laptop, notebook or server computer. The server computer may be, forexample, but is not limited to, a workstation, a rack-mount type server,a blade type server, or a mainframe server and may run, for example, ahypervisor for creating and running one or more virtual machines. Thecomputer (101) may comprise one or more CPUs (102) and a main memory(103) connected to a bus (104). The CPU (102) may be preferably based ona 32-bit or 64-bit architecture. The CPU (102) may be, for example, butis not limited to, the POWER series of International Business MachinesCorporation; the CORE i series, the CORE 2 series, the ATOM series, theXEON series, the PENTIUM series, or the CELERON series of INTELCorporation; or the PHENOM series, the ATHLON series, the TURION series,or SEMPRON of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (“POWER” is registeredtrademark of International Business Machines Corporation in the UnitedStates, other countries, or both; “CORE i”, “CORE 2”, “ATOM”, and “XEON”are trademarks, and “PENTIUM” and “CELERON” are registered trademarks ofINTEL Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both;“PHENOM”, “ATHLON”, “TURION”, and “SEMPRON” are trademarks of AdvancedMicro Devices, Inc. in the United States, other countries, or both).

A display (106) such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) may be connectedto the bus (104) via a display controller (105). The display (106) maybe used to display, for management of the computer(s), information on acomputer connected to a network via a communication line and informationon software running on the computer using an appropriate graphicsinterface. The display may have a touch screen or a non-touch screen.The display may be for example, but not limited to, a LCD, PDP, OEL or aprojection type display. A disk (108) such as a hard disk or a solidstate drive, SSD, and a drive (109) such as a CD, a DVD, or a BD(Blu-ray disk) drive may be connected to the bus (104) via an SATA orIDE controller (107). Moreover, a keyboard (111) and a mouse (112) maybe connected to the bus (104) via a keyboard-mouse controller (110) orUSB bus (not shown).

An operating system, programs providing WINDOWS, UNIX MAC OS, LINUX, AJAVA, or any other processing environment, JAVA applications, a JAVAvirtual machine (VM), and a JAVA just-in-time (JIT) compiler, such asJ2EE, other programs, and any data may be stored in the disk (108) to beloadable to the main memory. (“WINDOWS” is a registered trademark ofMicrosoft corporation in the United States, other countries, or both;“UNIX” is a registered trademark of the Open Group in the United States,other countries, or both; “MAC OS” is a registered trademark of AppleInc. in the United States, other countries, or both; “LINUX” is aregistered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States, othercountries, or both; and “JAVA” and “J2EE” are registered trademarks ofOracle America, Inc. in the United States, other countries, or both).

The drive (109) may be used to install a program, such as the computerprogram of an embodiment of the present invention, readable from aCD-ROM, a DVD-ROM, or a BD to the disk (108) or to load any datareadable from a CD-ROM, a DVD-ROM, or a BD into the main memory (103) orthe disk (108), if necessary.

A communication interface (114) may be based on, for example, but is notlimited to, the Ethernet protocol. The communication interface (114) maybe connected to the bus (104) via a communication controller (113),physically connects the computer (101) to a communication line (115),and may provide a network interface layer to the TCP/IP communicationprotocol of a communication function of the operating system of thecomputer (101). In this case, the communication line (115) may be awired LAN environment or a wireless LAN environment based on wirelessLAN connectivity standards, for example, but is not limited to, IEEE802.11a/b/g/n (“IEEE” is a registered trademark of Institute ofElectrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. in the United States, othercountries, or both).

Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be describedwith reference to FIGS. 2A to 2D, FIGS. 3A and 3B, FIG. 4, FIGS. 5A to5E and FIG. 6.

The idea of an embodiment of the present invention is on the basis ofthe following perceptions:

A huge number of texts is now collected. There is need to quicklysummarize them for analysis. A clustering or cluster analysis can beused for summarizing them.

The clustering or cluster analysis is the task of grouping a set ofobjects in such a way that objects in the same group or cluster are moresimilar in some sense or another to each other than to those in othergroups or clusters. There are two main classes of cluster analysis,non-hierarchical clustering and hierarchical clustering.

The non-hierarchical clustering may refer to an algorithmic approach tofind a grouping of objects which maximizes or minimizes some evaluatingcriterion. The following algorithms can be used as non-hierarchicalclustering: k-means or its derivatives methods such as k-means++; orGaussian Mixture Model; GMM).

The hierarchical clustering may refer to an algorithmic approach to finddiscrete groups with varying degrees of (dis)similarity in a data setrepresented by a (dis)similarity matrix. The hierarchical clustering maybe mainly divided into two groups: divisive hierarchical clustering andagglomerative hierarchical clustering. The latter, agglomerativehierarchical clustering can be generally used in the hierarchicalclustering. The following algorithms can be used as hierarchicalclustering: nearest neighbor method (also called as “single linkagemethod”), furthest neighbor method (also called as “complete linkagemethod”); group average method; or Ward's method.

K-means can classify texts easily, but it is necessary to decide thefixed number of clusters beforehand. Therefore, in a case where types oftexts are increased, types of texts included in each clusters are alsoincreased. Accordingly, there is a problem with the clustering ofaccuracy. Meanwhile, the hierarchical clustering can adjust the numberof clusters freely. However, the hierarchical clustering needs much CPUworkload in a case where the number of texts increases.

Accordingly, each of the non-hierarchical clustering and thehierarchical clustering has advantage and disadvantage. In a case wherethe number of texts is huge, it may be difficult to create summary fromthe texts in a predefined period. This may cause a overlooking of animportant text, such as an error message.

With reference now to FIGS. 2A to 2D, an embodiment of a flowchart of aprocess for summarizing a plurality of texts is illustrated.

A system, such as the computer (101), performs each of the stepsdescribed in each of FIGS. 2A to 2D. The computer may be implemented asa single computer or plural computers.

With reference now to FIG. 2A, in step 201, the system starts theprocess for summarizing a plurality of texts.

Texts may comprise, for example, but not limited to: log messages whichcan be sent from one or more servers; texts obtained from a speechrecognition system; mails; or business texts.

In step 202, the system may receive one or more texts from one or moreservers and store them into a storage (291). The system can receive oneor more texts on the fly (e.g., in real time). The system may read textsfrom the storage (291). The system then tokenizes each of the texts toobtain tokens. Any method known in the art for tokenizing texts can beused. For example, any tokenizer, such as nitk.word tokenize which isincluded in nitk.tokenize package can be used. The tokenizer can dividethe text into a sequence of tokens, which roughly correspond to “words”.

An example of tokenizing a text will be explained by referring to FIG.3A.

With reference now to FIG. 3A, FIG. 3A illustrates an embodiment oftokenizing a text to obtain tokens.

Let us suppose that the text is as follow: “message: Failed to archivelog file S0000017.LOG to/backups/arch_logs/whrc1pi/STUDYC/NODE0000/LOGSTREAM0000/C0000/” (301).

The system tokenizes the text (301) and then the following tokens can beobtained:[“message”,“:”,“Failed”,“to”,“archive”,“log”,“file”,“S”,“0000017,”“.”,“LOG”,“to”,“/”,“backups”,“/”,“arch”,“_”,“logs”,“/”,“whrc”,“1”,“pi”,“/”,“STUDY”,“/”,“NODE”,“0000”,“/”,“LOGSTREAM”,“0000”,“/”,“C”,“0000”,“/”](302).

With reference now back to FIG. 2A, in step 203, the system performs afeature analysis on each of the tokens to obtain a feature score. Thefeature analysis can be done, for example, but not limited to, usingTerm Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) analysis. TheTF-IDF analysis itself is known in the art.

The system then chooses one or more feature scores equal to or largerthan a predefined value. The predefined value may be determined by, forexample, a user or administrator.

The system then generates a vector comprising the one or more chosenfeature scores. The system generates a vector in each of the texts(e.g., to generate a first set of vectors).

In step 204, the system generates a vector space, using the vectors eachof which vectors was generated in each of the texts.

In step 205, the system judges whether the determination of the numberof clusters which will be generated in non-hierarchical clusteringmentioned below is made or not. If the judgment is positive, the systemproceeds to step 206 to dynamically determine the number of clusterswhich will be generated in non-hierarchical clustering. If the judgmentis negative, the system proceeds to step 207 and the predefined numberof clusters, which was already determined prior to start the step 201mentioned above, will be used in step 207.

In step 206, the system determines the number of clusters which will begenerated in non-hierarchical clustering (e.g., the number of clustersincluded in a first plurality of clusters). The number of clusters maybe determined according to the number of the texts. The number ofclusters may be set to 1/n, of the total number of the texts, where nrefers to a positive integer, for example, but not limited to, 10, 20, .. . , 100, . . . , 1000, . . . , etc. In a case where the number ofclusters is, for example, but not limited to, ⅕ of the total number ofthe texts, the non-hierarchical clustering will be executed correctly,but it may cause a lot of overlaps. The number of clusters which is setto the total number of texts may be determined by a type of logs.

In step 207, the system executes non-hierarchical clustering, using thevector space, to generate the determined number of clusters to whicheach text belongs.

In step 208, the system chooses one representative text in each of thedetermined number of clusters (e.g., in each of the clusters included inthe first plurality of clusters). The non-hierarchical clusteringresults in a partitioning of the texts set by clustering the text aroundthe representative text. Accordingly, the representative text can bechosen in each cluster.

In step 209, the system judges whether the number of clusters (e.g. inthe first plurality of clusters) is equal to or larger than a predefinednumber or not. If the judgment is positive, the system proceeds to step210 described in FIG. 2B. Meanwhile, if the judgment is negative, thesystem proceeds to step 221 described in FIG. 2D in order to display aresult of the execution of the non-hierarchical clustering or to a finalstep 222 described in FIG. 2D. The predefined number may be determinedby a user or administrator. The number may be, for example, but notlimited to, ten.

With reference now to FIG. 2B, in step 210, the system obtains tokens ofeach of the representative texts. The tokens may be the one generated instep 201 or newly generated in step 210.

In step 211, the system counts the number of characters in each token ineach of the representative texts to generate an array of the number ofthe characters. A set of arrays can be generated from each of the texts.

An example of tokenizing a text will be explained by referring to FIG.3B.

With reference now to FIG. 3B, FIG. 3B illustrates an embodiment ofcounting the number of characters in each token and then generating avector from each of the arrays.

Let us suppose that a representative text is the one (301) described inFIG. 3A. Therefore, the obtained tokens are the one (302) described inFIG. 3B. Accordingly, the tokens obtained from the text (301) it the one(302) described in FIGS. 3A and 302.

The system counts the number of characters in each token in the tokens(302). The system then generates an array (303) described in FIG. 3B.

The array (303) has 34 elements obtained from each token.

With reference now back to FIG. 2B, in step 212, the system judgeswhether the number of elements in the array is equal to or larger than apredefined number or not. If the judgment is positive, the systemproceeds to step 213. Meanwhile, if the judgment is negative, the systemproceeds to step 214.

The predefined number may be determined by a user or administrator. Thepredefined number may be, for example, but not limited to, thirty.

In step 213, the system truncates one or more array elements in thearray by the predefined number of array elements from the beginning ofthe array so that the number of digits in each array becomes thepredefined number in order to align the dimension of each of the vectors(e.g. each of the vectors in a second set of vectors).

The system then generates a vector comprising array elements after thetruncation mentioned above (e.g., a vector in the second set ofvectors).

An example of truncating one or more array elements in the array by thepredefined number of array elements from the beginning of the array willbe explained by referring to FIG. 3B.

With reference now to FIG. 3B, FIG. 3B illustrates an embodiment oftruncating one or more array elements in the array by the predefinednumber of array elements from the beginning of the array.

Let us suppose that the predefined number of array elements from thebeginning of the array is 30 (or thirty).

The array (303) has 34 array elements. The number of array elements islarger than the predefined number of array elements from the beginningof the array. Accordingly, the system truncates the array (303) by 30array elements from the beginning of array (303) by deleting the lastfour elements, {1,1,4,1}, from the array (303) to generate the array(304) having 30 array elements.

With reference now back to FIG. 2B, in step 214, the system performs apadding at the tail of an array so that the number of digits in eacharray becomes the predefined number in order to align the dimension ofeach of the vectors. The padding may be, for example, a zero-padding.Namely, the system fills zero elements at the tail of an array so thatthe number of digits in each array becomes the predefined number inorder to align the dimension of each of the vectors.

In step 215, the system executes hierarchical clustering, using thevectors from steps 213 and 214 (e.g., the second set of vectors). In thehierarchical clustering, the system measures distance of each of thevectors. The distance may be calculated, for example, using thefollowing methods: Euclidean distance; Squared Euclidean distance;Manhattan distance; maximum distance; Mahalanobis distance; Hammingdistance; or Levenshtein distance.

In step 215, the system may assign the array number to each array.

After the execution of the hierarchical clustering, for example, a treediagram may be generated as a result of the execution of thehierarchical clustering. The tree diagram may be a dendrogram. A treediagram may be a tree diagram frequently used to illustrate thearrangement of the clusters generated by the hierarchical clustering. Anexample of a tree diagram will be explained by referring to FIG. 4.

With reference now to FIG. 4, FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a treediagram.

A vertical axis of the tree diagram represents the distance ordissimilarity between clusters. The horizontal axis of the tree diagramrepresents the array number, where a set of arrays represents each text.

With reference now back to FIG. 2B, in step 216, in response to adetermining of the number of clusters (e.g., the number of clustersincluded in a second plurality of clusters, created based on the secondset of vectors), using a result of the execution of the hierarchicalclustering, the system determines representative text for each of theclusters.

The number of clusters can be determined manually by a user orautomatically by the system.

In a case where a user determines the number of clusters, the user mayuse the tree diagram for determining the number of clusters. The treediagram may be displayed on a display for the user. An example ofdetermining the number of clusters by the user will be explained byreferring to FIG. 4 and FIGS. 5A to 5E mentioned below.

In a case where a user determines a distance between the clusters whichare obtained as a result of the execution of the hierarchicalclustering, namely, a distance between the clusters on the tree gram,the system may determine the number of clusters, using the tree diagramand the determined distance between the clusters on the tree diagram.

In a case where the system determines the number of clusters, the systemmay determine the number of clusters, using the tree diagram.

According to the number of clusters, a representative text for each ofthe clusters can be updated, using the tree diagram. An example ofupdating a representative text for each of the clusters will beexplained by referring to FIG. 4 and FIGS. 5A to 5E mentioned below.

With reference now to FIG. 2C, in step 217, the system may display, on adisplay, the number of clusters, and/or a representative text for eachof the clusters; and optionally, the number of texts in each of theclusters and/or a URL for a source of the representative text, all ofwhich are obtained from the sequential execution of the non-hierarchicalclustering and the hierarchical clustering. In a case where the URL forsource of the representative text is clicked or touched by a user, thedisplay shows contents in the URL which may comprise the original textof the representative text.

An example of the display will be explained by referring to FIGS. 5B to5E mentioned below.

In step 218, the system judges whether a threshold to the tree diagramis changed or not. The threshold may be the number of clusters, or thedistance between the clusters represented in the tree diagram. If thejudgment is positive, the system proceeds to step 219. Meanwhile, if thejudgment is negative, the system proceeds to the final step 222. In acase where the system does not receive any action from a user in apredetermined time, the system may judge that a threshold to the treediagram is not changed.

An example of changing the threshold to the tree diagram will beexplained by referring to FIG. 4 mentioned below.

With reference now to FIG. 4, FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment ofsetting or changing a threshold of a distance between the clusters or ofthe number of clusters.

The system may display a window (401) for displaying a tree diagramwindow (402) and tools window (403) for setting or changing a thresholdof a distance between the clusters or of the number of clusters.

The tool window (403) may show a tool for setting or changing athreshold of a distance between the clusters (411, 412 or 431) or of thenumber of clusters (421, 422 or 431)

The tool (411) can allow a user to input a distance between clusters onthe tree diagram. The user can input in the tool (411) a distance on thevertical axis of the tree diagram, while looking at the tree diagram, inorder to set or change the distance on the tree diagram. In response tothe input of the distance by the user, the system may display, on thetree diagram, a bar icon which cuts the tree diagram at the distanceinput by the user. The bar icon also defines the number of clusterstogether with the distance.

The tool (412) can allow a user to set a distance between clusters onthe tree diagram, using a slider bar. The user can move a slider, whilelooking at the tree diagram, in order to set or change a distance on thetree diagram. In response to the movement of the slider bar, the systemmay display, on the tree diagram, a bar icon which cuts the tree diagramat the distance set by the slider bar. The bar icon also defines thenumber of clusters together with the distance.

The tool (421) can allow a user to input the number of clusters on thetree diagram.

The user can input in the tool (421) the number of clusters, whilelooking at the tree diagram, in order to set or change the number ofclusters on the tree diagram. In response to the input of the number ofclusters by the user, the system may display, on the tree diagram, a baricon which cuts the tree diagram at the number of clusters input by theuser. The bar icon also defines the distance together with the number ofclusters.

The tool (422) can allow a user to set the number of clusters on thetree diagram, using a slider bar. The user can move a slider, whilelooking at the tree diagram, in order to set or change the number ofclusters on the tree diagram. In response to the movement of the sliderbar, the system may display, on the tree diagram, a bar icon which cutsthe tree diagram at the number of clusters set by the slider bar. Thebar icon also defines the distance together with the number of clusters.

The tool (431) can allow a user to set a distance between clusters onthe tree diagram or the number of clusters on the tree diagram. The usercan move a bar icon directly on the tree diagram to set or change adistance between clusters or the number of clusters. In response to themovement of the bar icon, the system may display, on the tree diagram, abar icon which cuts the tree diagram. The bar icon defines the distanceand the number of clusters.

In step 219, the system may update the number of clusters, and/or arepresentative text for each of the clusters; and optionally, the numberof texts in each of the clusters and/or a URL for a source of therepresentative text and then display, on the display, the updated numberof clusters, and/or the updated representative text for each of theclusters; and optionally, the updated number of texts in each of theclusters and/or a URL for a source of the updated representative text.

In step 220, the system again judges whether a threshold to the treediagram is changed or not. The threshold may be the number of clusters,or the distance between the clusters represented in the tree diagram. Ifthe judgment is positive, the system proceeds back to step 219.Meanwhile, if the judgment is negative, the system proceeds to the finalstep 222. In a case where the system does not receive any action from auser in a predetermined time, the system may judge that a threshold tothe tree diagram is not changed.

In step 221, the system may display, on a display, the number ofclusters, and/or a representative text for each of the clusters; andoptionally, the number of texts in each of the clusters and/or a URL fora source of the representative text, all of which are obtained from theexecution of the non-hierarchical clustering only.

In step 222, the system terminates the process mentioned above.

An embodiment of the flowchart of the process mentioned above may allowthe system to summarize the texts in a scalable manner and to report thesummary of the texts with clarity.

FIGS. 5A to 5E illustrate an embodiment of displaying a tree diagram,the number of clusters, and a representative text for each of theclusters. The texts which were summarized according to an embodiment ofthe present invention are error log massages derived from one or moreservers.

With reference now to FIG. 5A, FIG. 5A illustrates an embodiment of awindow (501) displaying a tree diagram window (502) and a message window(503).

The tree diagram window (502) shows the tree diagram. The tree diagramcan be displayed in the tree diagram window (502) after the execution ofthe hierarchical clustering.

The message window (503) may show a representative text for each of theclusters, and the number of texts in each of the clusters and/or URL fora source of the representative text.

If the default distance between the clusters or the default number ofclusters is set to the tree graph, a representative text for each of theclusters can be shown in the message window (503).

With reference now to FIG. 5B, FIG. 5B illustrates an embodiment of awindow (511) displaying a tree diagram window (512) and a message window(513).

The tree diagram window (512) shows that the bar icon (514) is displayedon the tree graph at a distance between the clusters, 2400. The locationof the bar icon (514) mean that a distance between the clusters is setto “2400” or that the number of clusters is set to “five” (521, 522,523, 524 and 525).

The message window (513) shows five clusters, Clusters 0 to 4, each ofwhich corresponds to each of the five cross points (521, 522, 523, 524and 525). In each cluster, the following information is displayed: thenumber of texts in each of the clusters, using “[the number]”, and arepresentative text. In the representative text, one or more predefinedterms, such as an attention keyword, may be displayed with highlight inorder to draw attention of a user. The highlight may be made, forexample, but not limited to, by coloring the keyword, or making thekeyword bold or italic. In a case where the representative text obtainedafter the execution of the hierarchical clustering has a predefinedterm, the system may send an alert to a user or displaying an alert on adisplay.

In an embodiment of FIG. 5B, the texts were classified into fiveclusters. In a case where the texts are error log messages, there areerror log messages having contents which are the same or similar withother contents other than the time stamp. Therefore, it is assumed thattexts are well formatted with fixed length tokens. Accordingly, the sametype of texts has the same token patterns in terms of character count ineach token.

With reference now to FIG. 5C, FIG. 5C illustrates an embodiment of awindow (531) displaying a tree diagram window (532) and a message window(533).

The tree diagram window (532) shows the tree diagram which is the sameas that displayed on the tree diagram window (512) described in FIG. 5B.The tree diagram window (532) further shows that the bar icon (544) isdisplayed on the tree graph at a distance between the clusters, 3200.The location of the bar icon (544) mean that a distance between theclusters is set to “3200” or that the number of clusters is set to“four” (541, 542, 543 and 544).

The message window (533) shows four clusters, Clusters 0 to 3, each ofwhich corresponds to each of the four cross points (541, 542, 543 and544). In each cluster, the following information is displayed: thenumber of texts in each of the clusters, using “[the number]”, and arepresentative text. In the representative text, one or more predefinedterms, such as an attention keyword, may be displayed with highlight inorder to draw attention of a user. The highlight may be made, forexample, but not limited to, by coloring the keyword, or making thekeyword bold or italic. In a case where the representative text obtainedafter the execution of the hierarchical clustering has a predefinedterm, such as an attention keyword, the system may send an alert to auser or displaying an alert on a display.

In an embodiment of FIG. 5C, the texts were classified into fourclusters. The same arguments described in FIG. 5B applied also to FIG.5C.

With reference now to FIG. 5D, FIG. 5D illustrates an embodiment of awindow (551) displaying a tree diagram window (552) and a message window(553).

The tree diagram window (552) shows the tree diagram which is the sameas that displayed on the tree diagram window (512) described in FIG. 5B.The tree diagram window (552) further shows that the bar icon (554) isdisplayed on the tree graph at a distance between the clusters, 3800.The location of the bar icon (554) mean that a distance between theclusters is set to “3800” or that the number of clusters is set to“three” (561, 562 and 563).

The message window (553) shows three clusters, Clusters 0 to 2, each ofwhich corresponds to each of the three cross points (561, 562 and 563).In each cluster, the following information is displayed: the number oftexts in each of the clusters, using “[the number]”, and arepresentative text. In the representative text, one or more predefinedterms, such as an attention keyword, may be displayed with highlight inorder to draw attention of a user. The highlight may be made, forexample, but not limited to, by coloring the keyword, or making thekeyword bold or italic. In a case where the representative text obtainedafter the execution of the hierarchical clustering has a predefinedterm, the system may send an alert to a user or displaying an alert on adisplay.

In an embodiment of FIG. 5D, the texts were classified into threeclusters. The same arguments described in FIG. 5B applied also to FIG.5D. Further, even when contents of the texts are more or less different,clusters having a strong degree of approximation can be combined witheach other, compared to embodiments described in FIGS. 5B and 5C.

With reference now to FIG. 5E, FIG. 5E illustrates an embodiment of awindow (571) displaying a tree diagram window (572) and a message window(573).

The tree diagram window (572) shows the tree diagram which is the sameas that displayed on the tree diagram window (512) described in FIG. 5B.The tree diagram window (572) further shows that the bar icon (574) isdisplayed on the tree graph at a distance between the clusters, 4600.The location of the bar icon (574) mean that a distance between theclusters is set to “4600” or that the number of clusters is set to “two”(581 and 582).

The message window (573) shows two clusters, Clusters 0 and 1, each ofwhich corresponds to each of the two cross points (581 and 582). In eachcluster, the following information is displayed: the number of texts ineach of the clusters, using “[the number]”, and a representative text.In the representative text, one or more predefined terms, such as anattention keyword, may be displayed with highlight in order to drawattention of a user. The highlight may be made, for example, but notlimited to, by coloring the keyword, or making the keyword bold oritalic. In a case where the representative text obtained after theexecution of the hierarchical clustering has a predefined term, thesystem may send an alert to a user or displaying an alert on a display.

In an embodiment of FIG. 5E, the texts were classified into twoclusters. The same arguments described in FIG. 5B applied also to FIG.5E. Further, even when contents of the texts are more or less different,clusters having a strong degree of approximation can be combined witheach other, compared to the embodiments described in FIGS. 5B to 5C.Further, the classification result obtained in the embodiment of FIG. 5Emay be similar with that manually classified by a human.

As described in the explanation of FIG. 4 above, a user may set orchange a threshold of a distance between the clusters or of the numberof clusters using tools displayed in the tools window (403).

The user may further set or change a threshold of a distance between theclusters or of the number of clusters directly on the tree diagramwindow (512, 532, 552 or 572).

The user may split a cluster or increase the number of clusters, forexample, by double-clicking a representative text in each clusterdisplayed in the message window (513, 533, 553 or 573). In response tothe double-clicking of the representative text, the system may split thecluster by increasing the number of clusters, using the tree diagramwindow.

The user may combine clusters or decrease the number of clusters, forexample, by double-clicking two or more representative text incorresponding clusters displayed in the message window (513, 533, 553 or573). In response to the double-clicking of the two or morerepresentative texts, the system may combine the cluster by decreasingthe number of clusters, using the tree diagram window.

With reference now to FIG. 6, FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of anoverall functional block diagram of a system hardware used in accordancewith the embodiment of the overall flowchart described in FIGS. 2A to2D.

The system (601) may correspond to the computer (101) described in FIG.1.

The system (601) comprises a tokenizing section (611), afeature-analysis section (612), a vector space-generating section (613),a non-hierarchical clustering-execution section (614), a representativetext-choosing section (615), a token obtaining section (616), a countingsection (617), a vector generating section (618), a hierarchicalclustering-execution section (619), a determining section (620), adisplaying section (621) and an updating section (622).

The tokenizing section (611) tokenizes each of the texts to obtaintokens.

The tokenizing section (611) may perform step 202 described in FIG. 2A.

The feature-analysis section (612) performs a feature analysis on eachof the tokens generated at the tokenizing section (611) to obtain afeature score and thereby generates a vector having one or more featurescores equal to or larger than a predefined value.

The feature-analysis section (612) may perform step 203 described inFIG. 2A.

The vector space-generating section (613) generates a vector space,using the vectors generated at the feature-analysis section (612).

The vector space-generating section (613) may perform step 204 describedin FIG. 2A.

The non-hierarchical clustering-execution section (614) executesnon-hierarchical clustering, using the vector space, to generate aplurality of clusters.

The non-hierarchical clustering-execution section (614) may performsteps 205 to 207 described in FIG. 2A.

The representative text-choosing section (615) chooses onerepresentative text in each of the plurality of clusters.

The representative text-choosing section (615) may perform step 208described in FIG. 2A.

The token obtaining section (616) judges whether the number of clustersis equal to or larger than a predefined number or not and then, if thejudgment is positive, obtains tokens of each of the representativetexts.

The token obtaining section (616) may perform step 209 described in FIG.2A and step 210 described in FIG. 2B.

The counting section (617) counts the number of characters in each tokenin each of the representative texts to generate an array of the numberof the characters.

The counting section (617) may perform step 211 described in FIG. 2B.

The vector generating section (618) generates a vector from each of thearrays.

The vector generating section (618) may perform steps 212 to 214described in FIG. 2B.

The hierarchical clustering-execution section (619) executeshierarchical clustering, using the vectors. The hierarchicalclustering-execution section (619)

The hierarchical clustering-execution section (619) may perform step 215described in FIG. 2B.

The determining section (620) determines a representative text for eachof the clusters, in response to a determining of the number of clusters,using a result of the execution of the hierarchical clustering.

The determining section (620) may perform step 216 described in FIG. 2B.

The displaying section (621) may perform steps 217 described in FIG. 2Cand step 221 described in FIG. 2D.

The updating section (622) may perform steps 218 to 220.

The present invention may be a method, a system, and/or a computerprogram product. The computer program product may include a computerreadable storage medium (or media) having computer readable programinstructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of thepresent invention.

The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that canretain and store instructions for use by an instruction executiondevice. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but isnot limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device,an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, asemiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of thecomputer readable storage medium includes the following: a portablecomputer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), aread-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROMor Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portablecompact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD),a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such aspunch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructionsrecorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. Acomputer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construedas being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freelypropagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagatingthrough a waveguide or other transparent media (e.g., light pulsespassing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmittedthrough a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can bedownloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computerreadable storage medium or to an external computer or external storagedevice via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, awide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprisecopper transparent cables, optical transparent fibers, wirelesstransparent, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edgeservers. A network adapter card or network interface in eachcomputing/processing device receives computer readable programinstructions from the network and forwards the computer readable programinstructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium withinthe respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations ofthe present invention may be assembler instructions,instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions,machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions,state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in anycombination of one or more programming languages, including an objectoriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, andconventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C”programming language or similar programming languages. The computerreadable program instructions may execute entirely on the user'scomputer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone softwarepackage, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computeror entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario,the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through anytype of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide areanetwork (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer(for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example,programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), orprogrammable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readableprogram instructions by utilizing state information of the computerreadable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry,in order to perform aspects of the present invention.

Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to aprocessor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, suchthat the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computeror other programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructionsmay also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can directa computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or otherdevices to function in a particular manner, such that the computerreadable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises anarticle of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects ofthe function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram blockor blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other deviceto cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer,other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computerimplemented process, such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement thefunctions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block orblocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods, and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternativeimplementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of theorder noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in successionmay, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks maysometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon thefunctionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of theblock diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocksin the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implementedby special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specifiedfunctions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardwareand computer instructions.

The expression “a/one” should be understood as “at least one”.

The expression “comprise(s)/comprising a/one” should be understood as“comprise(s)/comprising at least one”.

The expression “comprise(s)/comprising” should be understood as“comprise(s)/comprising at least”.

The expression “/” should be understood as “and/or”.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method for summarizing aplurality of texts, the method comprising: generating a vector spacebased on a first set of vectors, wherein each vector includes one ormore feature scores equal to or greater than a predefined value anddetermined from a frequency of tokens of the plurality of texts;executing non-hierarchical clustering using the vector space to generatea first plurality of clusters; generating a second set of vectorsincluding quantities of characters in tokens of first representativetexts, wherein each first representative text is a selected text from acorresponding cluster of the first plurality of clusters; aligning adimension of each of the vectors of the second set of vectors andexecuting hierarchical clustering using the second set of vectors togenerate a second plurality of clusters; summarizing the plurality oftexts by determining a second representative text for each of theclusters included in the second plurality of clusters, wherein eachsecond representative text is a selected text from a correspondingcluster of the second plurality of clusters, and wherein the secondrepresentative text for each of the clusters included in the secondplurality of clusters forms a summary of the plurality of texts; anddisplaying, on a display, a visualization of the second plurality ofclusters, the summary of the plurality of texts, and an element fordynamically changing a threshold value applied to the hierarchicalclustering that alters a number of clusters in the second plurality ofclusters, wherein when the element dynamically changes the thresholdvalue, the visualization is automatically changed to reflect the alterednumber of clusters in the second plurality of clusters.
 2. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein executing thehierarchical clustering generates a tree diagram.
 3. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein determining the secondrepresentative text for each of the clusters in the second plurality ofclusters further comprises: applying the threshold value to the treediagram.
 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein a numberof texts in each of the clusters in the second plurality of clusters isobtained after the execution of the hierarchical clustering.
 5. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein comprising: thethreshold value includes one of the number of clusters in the secondplurality of clusters and a distance between the clusters in the secondplurality of clusters.
 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 5,wherein, as a result of the execution of the hierarchical clustering,the display further displays one or more of: a tree diagram; and a URLfor a source of each second representative text in the summary of theplurality of texts.
 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1,further comprising: prior to the execution of the non-hierarchicalclustering, determining a number of clusters that will be included inthe first plurality of clusters when the non-hierarchical clusteringgenerates the first plurality of clusters.
 8. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 7, wherein the number of clusters that will be generatedin the non-hierarchical clustering is determined according to a numberof texts included in the plurality of texts.
 9. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 8, wherein arrays are generated based on the quantitiesof characters in the tokens of the first representative texts togenerate the second set of vectors when the number of clusters that willbe generated in the non-hierarchical clustering is equal to or largerthan a predefined number.
 10. The computer-implemented method of claim1, wherein arrays are generated based on the quantities of characters inthe tokens of the first representative texts to generate the second setof vectors when the first plurality of clusters includes a number ofclusters equal to or larger than a predefined number.
 11. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: sending analert to a user or displaying an alert on a display when the secondrepresentative text for one or more of the clusters in the secondplurality of clusters has a predefined term.
 12. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein arrays are generatedbased on the quantities of characters in the tokens of the firstrepresentative texts to generate the second set of vectors, and thealigning a dimension of each of the vectors of the second set of vectorscomprises: truncating one or more array elements in each array of thearrays by a predefined number of array elements from a beginning of thearray; or padding a tail of each array of the arrays so that a number ofdigits in each array becomes the predefined number of array elements.13. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein a number ofclusters included in the first plurality of clusters or the secondplurality of clusters is determined automatically or by a user.
 14. Asystem comprising: a processor; and a memory storing a program, which,when executed on the processor, summarizes a plurality of texts, theprocessor configured to perform operations comprising: generating avector space based on a first set of vectors, wherein each vectorincludes one or more feature scores equal to or greater than apredefined value and determined from a frequency of tokens of theplurality of texts; executing non-hierarchical clustering using thevector space to generate a first plurality of clusters; generating asecond set of vectors including quantities of characters in tokens offirst representative texts, wherein each first representative text is aselected text from a corresponding cluster of the first plurality ofclusters; aligning a dimension of each of the vectors of the second setof vectors and executing hierarchical clustering using the second set ofvectors to generate a second plurality of clusters; summarizing theplurality of texts by determining a second representative text for eachof the clusters included in the second plurality of clusters, whereineach second representative text is a selected text from a correspondingcluster of the second plurality of clusters, and wherein the secondrepresentative text for each of the clusters included in the secondplurality of clusters forms a summary of the plurality of texts; anddisplaying, on a display, a visualization of the second plurality ofclusters, the summary of the plurality of texts, and an element fordynamically changing a threshold value applied to the hierarchicalclustering that alters a number of clusters in the second plurality ofclusters, wherein when the element dynamically changes the thresholdvalue, the visualization is automatically changed to reflect the alterednumber of clusters in the second plurality of clusters.
 15. The systemof claim 14, wherein executing the hierarchical clustering generates atree diagram.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein determining the secondrepresentative text for each of the clusters in the second plurality ofclusters further comprises one or more of: applying the threshold valueto the tree diagram.
 17. A computer program product for summarizing aplurality of texts, the computer program product comprising one or morecomputer readable storage media collectively having program instructionsembodied therewith that are executable by at least one processor tocause the at least one processor to: generate a vector space based on afirst set of vectors, wherein each vector includes one or more featurescores equal to or greater than a predefined value and determined from afrequency of tokens of the plurality of texts; execute non-hierarchicalclustering using the vector space to generate a first plurality ofclusters; generate a second set of vectors including quantities ofcharacters in tokens of first representative texts, wherein each firstrepresentative text is a selected text from a corresponding cluster ofthe first plurality of clusters; align a dimension of each of thevectors of the second set of vectors and execute hierarchical clusteringusing the second set of vectors to generate a second plurality ofclusters; summarize the plurality of texts by determining a secondrepresentative text for each of the clusters included in the secondplurality of clusters, wherein each second representative text is aselected text from a corresponding cluster of the second plurality ofclusters, and wherein the second representative text for each of theclusters included in the second plurality of clusters forms a summary ofthe plurality of texts; and display, on a display, a visualization ofthe second plurality of clusters, the summary of the plurality of texts,and an element for dynamically changing a threshold value applied to thehierarchical clustering that alters a number of clusters in the secondplurality of clusters, wherein when the element dynamically changes thethreshold value, the visualization is automatically changed to reflectthe altered number of clusters in the second plurality of clusters. 18.The computer program product according to claim 17, wherein executingthe hierarchical clustering generates a tree diagram.
 19. The computerprogram product according to claim 18, wherein in determining the secondrepresentative text for each of the clusters in the second plurality ofclusters, the program instructions are executable by the at least oneprocessor to cause the at least one processor to: apply the thresholdvalue to the tree diagram.